TY - JOUR AU - Akpoveta , O.V AU - Adetunji , T. M PY - 2022/07/07 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE EPOXIDATION OF ALLANBLACKIA FLORIBUNDA SEED OIL FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY JF - NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT JA - NJSE VL - 20 IS - 1 SE - Articles DO - UR - https://delsunjse.com/index.php/njse/article/view/88 SP - AB - <p><span id="page4R_mcid11" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 385.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11887);" role="presentation">Epoxidation of seeds oils has attracted research concerns due to its </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00062);" role="presentation">industrial</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 285.243px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997311);" role="presentation">significance.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 400.167px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00134);" role="presentation">Allanblackia</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 515.707px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01228);" role="presentation">floribunda</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 613.033px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.990155);" role="presentation">seed</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 661.413px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00095);" role="presentation">oil</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 695.773px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00169);" role="presentation">(ASO)</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 762.513px; top: 408.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995608);" role="presentation">was </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996117);" role="presentation">subjected</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 286.063px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00064);" role="presentation">to</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 316.043px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9994);" role="presentation">epoxidation</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 424.423px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994919);" role="presentation">at</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 452.803px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00292);" role="presentation">different</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 535.523px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996515);" role="presentation">temperatures</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 652.663px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00028);" role="presentation">with</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 702.243px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">a</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 725.023px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999914);" role="presentation">view</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 777.803px; top: 431.517px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00064);" role="presentation">to</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994523);" role="presentation">establish</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 266.117px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00039);" role="presentation">ing</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 305.697px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00406);" role="presentation">its</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 338.457px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00032);" role="presentation">kinetics</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 414.437px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997115);" role="presentation">and</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 457.217px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00082);" role="presentation">thermodynamic</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 596.777px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00171);" role="presentation">properties</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 690.697px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00457);" role="presentation">for</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 728.237px; top: 454.717px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.995576);" role="presentation">possible </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 477.567px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999916);" role="presentation">industrial applications. The seed oil was extracted and characterized for its </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 500.767px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01543);" role="presentation">physicochemical properties using conventional methods. The</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 707.003px; top: 500.767px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993844);" role="presentation">percentage </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 523.567px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05831);" role="presentation">oil content, peroxide value, iodine value, acid</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 591.433px; top: 523.567px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03488);" role="presentation">value and saponification </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 546.767px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03777);" role="presentation">value were found as 63%, 4.55 meq/kg, 34.9 gI</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 589.833px; top: 553.467px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">2</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 596.633px; top: 546.767px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.993076);" role="presentation">/100g,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 660.573px; top: 546.767px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02851);" role="presentation">0.64 mg KOH/g </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 569.567px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00373);" role="presentation">and 201.8 mg KOH/g respectively. Oil was found as non</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 652.283px; top: 569.567px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 658.683px; top: 569.567px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00508);" role="presentation">drying with fatty </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 592.767px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03175);" role="presentation">acid content of high molecular weight. Oils with such characteristics are </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 615.6px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11783);" role="presentation">known to be stabl</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 354.967px; top: 615.6px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07951);" role="presentation">e against rancidity and possible oxidation. Oxirane </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 638.8px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.05707);" role="presentation">analysis gave data which shows the rate of epoxidation dependence on </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 661.6px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00379);" role="presentation">temperature and time. This satisfies the possibility of epoxidizing ASO oil</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 684.8px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03847);" role="presentation">and confirms the formation of epoxidized oil from its seed.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 694.683px; top: 684.8px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996481);" role="presentation">Pseudo</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 752.317px; top: 684.8px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 758.717px; top: 684.8px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998451);" role="presentation">zero </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 707.6px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10102);" role="presentation">order kinetics with respect to oxirane formation was found from the </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 730.8px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04189);" role="presentation">epoxidation kinetics. Their rate constants were seen as 0.025 hr</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 725.517px; top: 728.3px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 729.917px; top: 728.3px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 736.717px; top: 730.8px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04655);" role="presentation">, 0.028 </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" role="presentation">hr</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 213.283px; top: 751.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 217.683px; top: 751.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 230.083px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00939);" role="presentation">and 0.04 hr</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 321.717px; top: 751.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 326.117px; top: 751.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 338.167px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01386);" role="presentation">at 50</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 383.367px; top: 751.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">0</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 390.167px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01446);" role="presentation">C, 60</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 439.4px; top: 751.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">0</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 446.2px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01306);" role="presentation">C and 70</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 524.6px; top: 751.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">0</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 531.433px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.01646);" role="presentation">C respectively. E</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 669.483px; top: 760.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">a</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 675.483px; top: 753.461px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.984032);" role="presentation">, ∆H</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 712.683px; top: 751.02px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">≠</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 719.883px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 730.317px; top: 753.461px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">∆</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 742.717px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">S</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 753.917px; top: 751.02px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">≠</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 764.717px; top: 753.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997115);" role="presentation">and </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 776.661px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">Δ</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 209.283px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">G</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 223.683px; top: 774.22px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">≠</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 240.483px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.0793);" role="presentation">were found as 33.73</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 415.767px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996659);" role="presentation">kJmol</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 464.6px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 469px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 475.8px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07564);" role="presentation">, 17.04</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 535.033px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996659);" role="presentation">kJmol</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 583.833px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 588.233px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 595.033px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 609.433px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 615.833px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00018);" role="presentation">0.224kJmol</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 709.883px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 714.283px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 730.317px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">K</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 744.717px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 749.117px; top: 774.333px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 765.117px; top: 776.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997115);" role="presentation">and </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 799.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.03487);" role="presentation">91.632 kJmol</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 309.317px; top: 797.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 313.717px; top: 797.133px; font-size: 13.2px; font-family: serif;" role="presentation">1</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 328.917px; top: 799.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.04261);" role="presentation">respectively. Thermodynamic evaluation shows that the </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 822.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.06312);" role="presentation">epoxidation process was kinetically favorable, but thermodynamically</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 845.461px; font-size: 20px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.93605);" role="presentation">unfavorable for enthalpy, entropy and Gibb’s energy;</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 637.483px; top: 845.633px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02182);" role="presentation">as such the process </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 868.833px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.02195);" role="presentation">is not spontaneous at the temperatures studied. The result herein presents </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.996103);" role="presentation">substantial</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 295.263px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00004);" role="presentation">reference</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 383.183px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997699);" role="presentation">data</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 429.563px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1);" role="presentation">on</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 463.143px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00027);" role="presentation">the</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 500.723px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997814);" role="presentation">modification</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 615.863px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9996);" role="presentation">of</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 645.843px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.999584);" role="presentation">ASO</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 699.023px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.987429);" role="presentation">for</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 735.763px; top: 891.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.991229);" role="presentation">diverse </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.9999);" role="presentation">applicability</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 315.203px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997115);" role="presentation">and</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 362.383px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.99774);" role="presentation">constitutes</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 466.323px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.998967);" role="presentation">valuable</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 552.703px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997737);" role="presentation">literature</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 643.423px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.994385);" role="presentation">database</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 730.603px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1);" role="presentation">on</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 768.983px; top: 914.883px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00027);" role="presentation">the </span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 196.483px; top: 937.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00098);" role="presentation">epoxidation of ASO for indus</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 434.6px; top: 937.683px; font-size: 20px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.997743);" role="presentation">trial applications</span></span></p> ER -